Emile Durkheim Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emile Durkheim Theories - Essay Example His commitment in writing was additionally colossal and is esteemed exceptional (Cuff and Francis 2004, p. 40). One of the principle worries of Durkheim was the means by which the general public was framed and how it worked. He watched the development of the general public and the support of social request. He was worried about the respectability and soundness of the cutting edge society. For this situation Durkheim perceived how the general public was being changed by the progressions that were occurring in the public activity of the individuals. Durkheim looked carefully the common strict and ethnic foundation that was changing the life of the general public. As indicated by Durkheim, the social changes that were occurring because of religion and ethnic changes couldn't be overlooked in the meaning of an ordinary society. These elements decided how the general public was shaped and how it worked. To comprehend the idea of the general public and the progressions that were occurring, Durkheim developed as sociology model (Giddens 2001, p. 69). Alongside Herbert Spence, they built up the principal logical model that could be utilized to break down and clarify social wonders. This model which depended on the social realities could be utilized to clarify the presence and nature of various parts that makes up the general public. This was clarified well by making reference to the various elements of the social realities in keeping up the quotidian and accordingly they can be guaranteed as the forerunners to functionalism (Durkheim 1938, p. 301). In spite of the fact that Durkheim showed that the general public was comprised of various parts, he likewise clarified that these parts doest not so much establish the entire society. The general public was more than these parts and their interrelationship. As indicated by Durkheim, the general public has an unpredictable course of action that is held together by a social texture (Lukes 1982, p. 60). Durkheim called attention to that while you required realities in considering science, you don't have the foggiest idea about the realities that are applicable to you not until you make the science. This implies we need to utilize creative mind so as to make science that could be utilized to examine the general public even before you discover that the science we have made is extremely blemished. Hence Durkheim clarified his comprehension of the general public taking into account social truth. He clarified social realities as the wonders which exist all by themselves in spite of the fact that they are will undoubtedly activity of individual individuals from the general public. Along these lines social realities were not the same as the activity of the people. They had a more noteworthy goal than the whole of activities of people that form the general public. (Ritzer 2004, p. 21) Not at all like his peers like Ferdinand Tonnies or Marx Weber who were considered to have made commitment to the investigation of the general public, Durkheim didn't concentrate on what rouses the activity of the people in the general public yet he fairly centered around the social realities. His examinations did not depend on the methodological independence however centered around the social realities that impact the life of people in the general public despite the fact that they are altogether different from the activities of the people. As per Durkheim social realities are comprised of various methods of acting and feeling which are not attached to the individual people. These ways has intensity of compulsion which they force upon singular part

Top 20 Useful Tips for Writing a Film Analysis Essay

Being appointed a film examination article may very well be the most energizing task you have ever had! All things considered, who doesn’t love watching motion pictures? You have your preferred motion pictures, possibly something you watched years prior, maybe a work of art, or maybe it is something new. Or on the other hand your educator may dole out a film for you to investigate. In any case, you are absolutely okay with viewing a film for a film examination article task. However, here’s the kicker: You will really need to compose a film examination exposition after you watch the film (and edit it by Grammarly). This video gives you an extraordinary thought of how a film investigation paper is doled out. When you have viewed the film, confronting the demonstration of composing may take the breeze out of your sails since you may be thinking about how to compose a film investigation paper. Luckily, composing film examination papers it isn’t as troublesome as it would seemâ and Custom-writing.org specialists will demonstrate this. Simply continue perusing our recommendation on the most proficient method to begin. Before you compose Clearly, there are a couple of things you have to do before you start really composing your film investigation paper. Above all else, you need to watch the film. Regardless of whether you have seen it a hundred times, you have to watch it again and you figure out how to examine a film. When viewing the film, remember the accompanying tips: Think about your impression of the film. Identify significant subtleties. Attempt to decipher the film message in your own particular manner. Peruse/tune in to specialists discussing the given film. Base your contentions on the different components of film hypothesis. Introduce and examine clashing assessments about the film. Consolidate hypothesis and investigation. Offer evidence of your announcements (cites from the film). Remark on the plot, settings, characters, and source material. Draw matches between the film you are assessing and some different motion pictures. Quest for subtleties that nobody has spotted at this point. Make an intuitive examination: include the crowd in the conversation! Now you may be thinking about what viewpoints ought to be viewed as while breaking down a film? What follows are a few pointers for making great film examination expositions. Nowadays, individuals essentially watch films for amusement. Such a methodology won't work in the event that you need to set up a film investigation paper. Prepare for basic view of the picked/doled out film. Watch it just because and consider the accompanying: What is appeared in the film? Why? What is the fundamental message of the film? How is it passed on? To comprehend the importance of the film and clarify it in your film investigation paper, you should know the fundamental components of realistic structure. Some of them are: Camera position Scene structure Shot structure, and so on. Incidentally, you ought to know and see every single essential term and ideas identified with the film business. While breaking down the film in your film investigation paper, it is a smart thought to consider present and authentic occasions, wonders. All the time, subjects portrayed in films are connected to different occasions. This will assist you with building up a superior comprehension of the film. Remember about history. State, you are expounding on a blood and gore flick. Explore the historical backdrop of this sort and study well known thriller executives, their styles, and so on. This will assist you with setting up an educational film examination paper. With these tips, your film examination will undoubtedly be incredible, yet there is an approach to make it far and away superior! What's more, you’ll perceive how to do it underneath.

Tales From Turning Twenty

Tales From Turning Twenty A week ago today, I turned 20. It occurs to me that something weird has happened every day of my 20-year-old life so far (not sure whether this reflects a general trend in my life, or is just a phase) so here’s an outline, with more detailed stories below. Peruse at your leisure. BIZARRE THINGS AN OVERVIEW Bizarreness from 1 (a little peculiar) to 10 (utterly bizarre) Wednesday Oct 31: I turned 20 ^ Definitely a 10. Thursday Nov 1: I learned from Alan Guth that “you don’t have to have a fantastic amount of energy to create a universe.” ^ Id give it an 8. Maybe even a 9. Thats pretty mind-blowing, though not as mind-blowing as the fact that I am now TWENTY YEARS OLD. Friday Nov 2: I found myself sitting in the kitchen at 6am, one hand writing an equation to show that the Heisenberg operators for position and momentum obey an analog of Newton’s second law, the other hand stirring a vat of soon-to-be chocolate-cinnamon mousse. That night, I put on a dress and makeup and did my hair, slipped my feet into high heels, put on a backpack, walked down one flight of stairs, took off my backpack, and worked on a Junior Lab paper for three hours before changing back into casual gear. ^ That was up there. 9. Saturday Nov 3: I ended up in an ambulance, then at Cambridge Hospital, then listening to a nurse say puff our your chest like a girl puffs out her boobs to help my friend pop his arm back into its socket. ^ A 9, until the nurses comment made it a 10. Sunday Nov 4: I wore pajamas for literally the entire day, locked myself out of my room, and measured muon velocity to be 0.98 times the speed of light exactly what we hoped to get. ^ 1, 3, 8 for the J-Lab miracle. Monday Nov 5: I got a letter from my insurance company asking me for my retirement date. ^ Umthat was pretty weird. 4. Tuesday Nov 6: I voted in the presidential election for the first time! ^ More awesome than bizarre, although its bizarre to think that I am now old enough to do that. 5. Today: I went to the wrong classroom for my linear algebra exam. Also, its snowing. ^ 6. and 8. Didnt see that coming. Wednesday, October 31 Left my room at 12:05am to go to the bathroom, and found a birthday present taped to the door: a montage of pictures from Santa Fe, New Mexico, from a friend with whom I share a love of The Land of Enchantment. With it, a note to have a happy birthday. Was very impressed with said friend’s punctuality. Sometime between 12:30 and 1am: finally went to bed. Alarm rang at 6:30. Immediately got up, because I didn’t want my last action as a 19-year-old to be a lazy one. Got dressed, and was treated to pancakes by my friend Sophie. Turned 20 at 7am. Half an hour after turning 20, I was in an office opposite the Junior Lab facility, standing next to a projector screen and cursing Hurricane Sandy for postponing my oral exam to 7:30am on my birthday. My professor wound the timer, said “go” and it began. I described how my partner Eric and I measured the brightness temperature of the sun at the 21cm wavelength of the radio spectrum. It went well because it was my birthday, and nothing can go badly on your birthday. I forgave Hurricane Sandy. The rest of my birthday: grocery shopping, a run, Quantum lecture (to which Eric showed up dressed as a top quark it was awesome) and a trip to BU to watch Monty Python and the Holy Grail with their astronomy club. That night, French House baked me a cake, threw a squishy “happy birthday!” hat on my head, and invited my friend Sam over to celebrate. I failed at blowing out the candles, and Sam made fun of my limited lung capacity. After that, I hung out with friends in New House 3. At midnight, they celebrated one of their resident’s birthdays and I very literally passed on the birthday hat. Thursday, November 1 At 3:30pm, I met with Ed Bertschinger, the head of the physics department here, to chat about our mutual interest in astronomy outreach and how to successfully incorporate outreach into a scientific career. Turns out that hes one of the nicest human beings on the planet. He gave me some pointers for people to talk to and summer programs to investigate. At 4pm, the two of us walked over to 10-250 (a big lecture hall) to watch the inventor of inflationary theory (and my advisor) talk aboutinflation. It was as packed as I’ve ever seen it. Notable quotes: “You don’t have to have a fantastic amount of energy to create a universe.” “[referring to the existence of the multiverse] Martin Rees said he would bet his dog’s life on it. Andrei Linde said he would bet his own life on it. Steven Weinberg, ever the voice of reason, said that he is so confident that there is a multiverse that he would bet the lives of both Andrei Linde and Martin Rees’ dog.” “The good news is that life goes on somewhere in the multiverse.” Friday, November 2 On Thursday night, I had two tasks: 1) finish my Quantum pset, and 2) prepare for my Friday menu. Im on French Houses Friday cooking team, which means that I spend two hours every Friday making (and about half an hour cleaning up after) dinner for our living group. On this particular Friday, it was my turn to chef, and I had come up with a relatively elaborate menu. I paid in sleep for not doing any work on my birthday (a girls gotta have principles, okay?) and while I wont tell you exactly what time I went to sleep (my mom reads this blog) I will tell you that my menu was a great success: mushroom/ricotta/spinach/pepperoni calzones, two salads, and chocolate-cinnamon mousse with cherry syrup. Om nom nom. After cleaning up the dishes, I went back to my room to dress up. In a nutshell: I had a Junior Lab paper due the next day, which meant that I couldnt make it to the evenings Class of 2014 semiformal. Not to be put down, my friend Sophie and I decided to dress up anyway dresses, makeup, the whole shabang and had our own formal event. In the floor lounge. With our laptops. Oh, J-Lab. What have you done to me? Saturday, November 3 At around 11:30 Friday night, my friend Lucas convinced me to take a much-needed break from writing the J-Lab paper by playing Ultimate Frisbee with other residents of New House. It is physically impossible for me to say no to Ultimate Frisbee, so I bundled up and joined them on Briggs field. We were still playing at 1:30 or so, and had agreed to only play for ONE MORE POINT, when one of the freshmen went down under a collision his arm had come out of its socket. I called the ambulance. The rest of us huddled around and told silly stories from our own injury histories, trying to keep the kid entertained, while Lucas ran to meet the ambulance. I volunteered to accompany the freshman to the hospital, so found myself in the ambulance a few minutes later, with Lucass cellphone and ID card (I hadnt brought my own.) Fifteen-ish minutes later, two of the others, arrived at the hospital, having woken up their GRT and asked for a ride. Only two of us were allowed in the actual ward, so Dan waited outside. Lucas and I made the most of our senses of humor while our team-mate popped his own shoulder back in. The night went from a little surreal to Freaking Weird when the nurse described the method to pop ones shoulder back in: puff your chest out, she said, encouragingly, like a girl sticks out her boobs! . Iwhat? No comment. Sunday, November 4 Eric came over, and we worked on J-Lab for a couple of hours our experiment was to measure the speed of cosmic ray muons at sea level. At first, we kept getting an answer several orders of magnitude lower than what we wanted, which was very sadbut after realizing the error of our ways, recalculated the speed to be exactly what we expected. Ladies and gentlemen: relativity works. Monday, November 5 I KNOW THAT TURNING 20 MAKES ME OLD, BUT IM REALLY NOT THAT OLD YET. Tuesday, November 6 At noon, I washed silicon microsphere solution and microscope residue off my hands, threw on a scarf and a hat, and rushed across Killian Court to vote for the first time. A girl standing on the steps of the Student Center held a “VOTE TODAY!” sign, and yelled “HAVE YOU VOTED YET?” as I went past - I passed a friend as I entered Kresge Auditorium, and we exchanged congratulations for voting for the first time. I waltzed up to the table, gave my name and address - and was told that I was at the wrong table. Oops. Let’s pretend that didn’t happen. I waltzed up to the CORRECT table, gave my name and address, and received a voting sheet in return. I bubbled in my choices using my bubbling-in expertise from all those years of standardized testing, and wore my “I voted!” sticker around for the rest of the day - and felt very grown-up. - Today I woke up without my alarm, and it was sunny outside. That is always a bad sign. Convinced I’d slept through the test, I shot up, snatched the clock off my bedside table, and almost sang with joy when I saw that I had, against all odds, actually woken up before my alarm went off. I arrived in the lecture hall 10 minutes early, and there was still no one there so left to get a snack. When I returned, I was out of breath (there was a long line!) and only 30 seconds early but there was still no one there, except a lone technician wrapping up some lighting cables. Ummmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm. I’m dreaming, right? Someone please tell me I’m dreaming. Technician: “I guess there’s no class today! Hah hah!” Me: “II guess so.” Technician: “Lucky you!” Yup. Lucky me. Silence. Mind racing, I put my wallet away and zipped up my backpack. Me: “Would you happen to know where everyone went?” Technician: “What?” Me: “Likewhat classroom?” Technician: “Ohno, I don’t. He was no longer laughing. Is there a test today?” Me: “Yup.” With that, I shot out of the room like a burning crucible once shot out of my hand in 10th grade chemistry class (good times) and into a computer cluster. I logged on, checked the class homepage, and saw that the exam was actually over in Walker Memorial. aaaaaaaaaaaand that, boys and girls, is why you should always double-check where your exam is. Backpack flapping and two coats, a hat, and a scarf tucked under my arm, I threw dignity to the wind and sprinted to Walker. I rushed up two flights of stairs, entered with an echoing crash, grabbed an exam packet, and ploughed through the exam with my pulse racing. I finished with ten minutes to spare. BAM. In other news, I just got a text from my friend saying that its snowing. Sowith that new, bizarre piece of information, Im going to go outside and find out what the deal is.

Womens Suffrage

Accessibility Of Services As Facilitating Factors

1) Accessibility of services: Accessibility of services as facilitating factors: Accessibility of services was defined as those factors related to the availability of screening services to participants. Good accessibility of services was seen as a facilitating factor for screening, under the general theme of government and community support. Issues related to this category included a women’s insurance status, the availability of affordable screening services, particularly mass screening projects at the workplace, and having adequate transportation to screening sites (Hatefnia et al., 2010). Accessibility of services as barriers: Factors such as high cost, too busy and inadequate distribution of clinics were cited as barriers to breast cancer early detection. Participants mentioned that employed women have competing responsibilities (housekeeping and work outside the home), so they are unable to get to health services (Hatefnia et al., 2010). 2) It takes too long to get a doctor’s appointment is one of the barriers founded against breast cancer screening practices (Mamdouh et al., 2014) 3) Lack of female nurse/doctor: The lack of female physicians was found to be an important barrier to breast cancer screening for Saudi Arabian women (Akhtar et al., 2010). In a UAE study, 97% of the women participants reported preference for a female physician (Bener et al., 2011). Although deeply embarrassed and uncomfortable, women believed that Islam would support medical examinationsShow MoreRelatedThe On Health Care Delivery1606 Words   |  7 PagesThe Alma Ata Declaration of 1978 had significant consequences on health care delivery in Australia, facilitating the introduction of primary health care (PHC) in Australia. 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Industrial Location Theory as defined by German economist Alfred Weber is a theory that looks at how businesses will seek to locate to areas where the cost of transportation, labor, and raw materials of the final productRead Moreconference and banqueting1191 Words   |  5 Pagesother different halls that can provide the space for any type of event even if this kind of service is now being hired by various food service companies, like restaurants, due to its profitability. The traditional meaning of the banqueting business is â€Å"providing food and beverages to a group of people who will eat together at the same time†. The scope of banqueting is to accomplish and deliver good service focusing most on celebration, bringing together a group of people for a certain event and

History of Media Effects Free Essays

1. Consider the history of media effects presented in Chapter 3. Choose one historical media event that has occurred in the country of your choice. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Media Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now How has your chosen historical media event opened up a larger discourse about a social issue? Did the issue create conversion or reinforcement of public opinion about the social issue represented in the media event? Support your answer with reference from the text. With reference to the case of Mas Selamat Kastari who was believed to be involved in the Jemaah Islamiah (JI) group in plotting terrorism activities in Singapore such as crashing a plane into Changi Airport . He was Singapore’s most wanted fugitive for more than a year after escaping from detention on 27 February 2008. Since then, it was the  largest manhunt ever carried out in Singapore, furthermore daily local newspapers, TV news report, posters also tried to raise public awareness about Mas Selamat through repeated news coverage. Hence, with the aid of mass media, Mas Selamat was certainly the hottest topic everywhere and eventually became the historical media event that opened up a larger discourse about terrorism which was a social issue ever since 1963. In the early 80s, the government had implemented a series of measures to counter terrorism in Singapore and after 1991 Singapore has not experience any terrorism therefore resulting in the citizens letting down their guard and eventually the issue on terrorism was taken lightly. With reference to agenda setting theory which explains the powerful influence mass media have in telling us what issues are important, the case of Mas Selamat involving the massive usage of mass media had successfully trigger the fear in the minds of the citizens and the issue on terrorism(security matters) became increasingly important during that period of time. Many citizens wrote in to Straits Times claiming that the government deserved to be blamed for the escape of Mas Selamat and if terrorism will to happen in Singapore. Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew responded to the Straits Times: â€Å"Mas Selamat Kastari was ‘an escape artist’ who had evaded arrest many times, and Singapore’s security officers knew this, when you are complacent in handling a wily detainee, then you have been negligent. He also added that,† complacency sets in when people have not suffered any shock or setback for a long time and Singaporeans are being complacent when they believe that the Government will take care of all security matters. † PAP MP Lim Wee Kiak referred complacency as a ‘side-effect’ of an overly successful Government and civil service. (â€Å"Straits Times†, 2008). From this historical media event, we can see the impact of media in creating conversion of the public opinion. The public’s attit ude towards terrorism (security matters) changed from a dependent on the government to a self-dependent one after the escape of Mas Selamat . Furthermore, according to the public opinions on Singapore forum after the capture of Mas Selamat in 2009, although some were still debating on whether is the Government of Singapore doing enough to protect us from terrorism, but majority strongly believed that Singaporeans should not delude ourselves into thinking that our government is infallible as our government can only do so much-implementing counter terrorism measures, awareness posters and videos in train stations and public transports . Hence, the more relevant questions to ask ourselves – Are we Singaporeans doing enough to protect ourselves from terrorism? Are we coming together as one nation to do our national service in learning and protecting our country, life and property? The citizens of Singapore should not just solely rely on the government but also play our part in preventing the threat of terrorism. How to cite History of Media Effects, Papers

Early Supplier Involvement free essay sample

ANALYZE THE CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY REGARDING SUPPLY CHAIN ISSUES OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY * A brief explanation of the problem * Aim of your term paper * What questions will be answered in the term paper * A brief outline of current research * Relevance of the term paper topic * The research process Your term paper’s main body should also have the following points: * Interpretation of primary literature * Methodological problems * Current state of research * Your viewpoint Challenges: The basic economics are changing for the American automobile industry at an alarming rate. Only a few years ago, decisions on product lines, engine platforms, style platforms, safety improvements, marketing development, and fashion were made for consumer demand out five to seven years. This year, we are shocked to find original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) implementing dramatic production and model changes to be made in only one to two years for simple survival. Driven by consumer demand for fuel efficiency and alternative fuel vehicles, the automotive supply chain has been deeply affected by the cuts in production of SUVs and trucks, plant closures, and shifts in production location. The industry is adapting through consolidations, mergers and acquisitions, relocations, and expansions. Automotive suppliers are in the throes of shifting production to meet the needs of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). With the spotlight on the changes in the automotive industry, incentives often factor into the decision-making process. 1. ) Globalisation: Recent emphasis on global climate change is increasing pressure on automotive executives to make the right decisions in many areas, including RD and manufacturing. In fact, emission-level targets, currently in question, threaten to alter the entire structure of the auto industry. 2. ) These challenges hit an industry already plagued with high costs, low profit margins, and accelerating competition. New entrants from China (such as Chery Automobile) and India (such as Tata Motors) are working aggressively to capture their share of the global market, following the path taken by the Japanese in the 1980s and the Koreans in the 1990s—both of whom went beyond their domestic markets by focusing on the United States first, and on Europe later. 3. In this dynamic business environment, a superior supply chain is one critical element to helping automakers differentiate themselves from the competition. In fact, many of trends in the auto industry are reinforcing the need to redefine supply chain strategies, layouts, and operations. Challenges in Automotive Industry There are eight major trends that affect the automotive supply chain. These are: 1. Uneven growth: The demand for cars is growing, stemming in large part from China, India, and Eastern Europe. Established automotive markets in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan, however, are flat to declining. This uneven growth raises implications for the supply chain. For one, OEMs and their tier-1 suppliers must establish a local presence to benefit from these new growth opportunities in emerging economies. They must also tap into the local supply base to take advantage of cost levels and to fulfill local content requirements. At the same time, they must integrate local operations into their global supply chain management systems and programs. For example, sourcing processes from local suppliers must be aligned with global quality-assurance guidelines and procedures. . Fragmentation: Traditional car segments such as sedans, vans, hatchbacks, and pick-up trucks are fragmenting more and more into niches. Derivative car segments, on the other hand—such as coupes, roadsters, minivans, and two-seaters, as well as cross-over vehicles such as four-door coupes, SUV coupes, â€Å"soft†1 SUVs, and sport vans—are growing. A combination of customer demand for personalizationâ⠂¬â€the right product for their specific use at the right time—and manufacturers conquering new customer segments is causing automakers to grow their product offerings. The environmental or â€Å"green† movement is encouraging fragmentation even further, by shifting demand away from large and/or high-consumption vehicles to smaller and/or more fuel-efficient cars, giving birth to even newer segments, such as city or microcars2, and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrids, clean diesels, and diesel hybrids. Despite measures to control incremental costs resulting from fragmentation—such as platform, module, and component sharing across models and brands—segmentation results in a more complex supply chain that needs to be managed. Hence, the supply chain requires integrated capabilities and flexible tools based on real-time information to address this increasing complexity. For example, using an identical gearbox in two different car models does not prevent the manufacturer and its supplier from having to manage the supply chain process on a transparent basis to ensure on-time delivery of the specific gearbox to the specific assembly line in the specific location. 3. Accelerated Volatility: In the past, forecasting new product demand was easy. Today, new cars that initially sell well may lose ground within as little as two years. Shifts in customer demand—from product to product, from brand to brand, and from segment to segment—are accelerating. Customers have more choices than before, want more personalization, and, in general, enter the showroom better informed. As a consequence, customer loyalty is decreasing—across all segments and across all manufacturers. The supply chain, therefore, must cater to these shifts through quicker responsiveness and overall flexibility. Yesterday, it was enough merely to set up the supply chain when launching a new product and then make a few changes to it over the product’s lifecycle. Today, a higher degree of flexibility and responsiveness must be built in up front so that suppliers can react quickly when overall product volumes are not in line with plan, or when the mix within the product differs from original forecasts. 4. Importance Of after market : The aftermarket business is often a somewhat neglected area, even though it typically generates the largest share of OEM and dealer profits. Managing this business depends on processes and IT systems that let manufacturers track product in the following areas: †¢ Sales—which product is selling, and at which price? Channels—through which channels is product being sold? †¢ Replenishment—what are the products’ replenishment cycles? †¢ Customers—which kinds of customers are buying which kinds of products? Creating transparency in the aftermarket business both in sales and in operations of the business and value chain is an important way for automakers to defend this so urce of revenue and profit against independent parts and service suppliers. 5. Differentiated outsourcing: Outsourcing in the automotive industry will continue. Differences in labor costs and disadvantages in scale and scope are influencing this trend. Outsourcing will create opportunities for both automotive suppliers and supply chain management providers (such as logistics companies and IT firms) to expand their businesses into adjacent areas—for example, preassembly or management and quality control. To benefit from continued outsourcing, supply chain management providers must offer flexible, modular solutions because not every manufacturer will concentrate on the same core capabilities and functions. 6. Low-cost country sourcing: The auto industry will continue to source from low-cost countries as manufacturers and suppliers continue to complement their commodities with more complex products and services. The lowest price, however, isn’t everything—automakers and suppliers must look at the total cost of sourcing, including logistics, quality of work, and management. This approach is referred to as â€Å"best-cost-country† sourcing, and for supply chain management providers represents another opportunity to encourage, enable, manage, and optimize sourcing. 7. Risk management: Most manufacturers agree that their supply chain risk has increased in recent years. Natural disasters, terrorism, workforce issues, and level of dependence on partners and suppliers are just some areas that require strong capabilities in risk management. Manufacturers and their suppliers must account for supply chain alternatives in their overall supply chain strategy. Increased transparency based on real-time information (see â€Å"Transparency and Accountability† section) allows them to identify risks early on and, ultimately, to manage them. This represents an opportunity for supply chain management providers to expand their value-added services. They have the opportunity to become risk-mitigation agents by ensuring the required transparency and by offering, for example, fall-back solutions or performance guarantees. 8. Accountability/Transparency: Business operations are becoming more complex and global. Supply chains are turning into complex supply networks. As a consequence, auto manufacturers and suppliers need transparency and accountability across the entire supply network. For example, near-real-time information flow based on a sensor-driven supply chain across the extended enterprise is in high demand. Information should, ideally, flow in two directions to help ensure better and faster interactions within enterprises and among OEMs, suppliers, and supply chain management providers. At the same time, there is a focus on security across these complex information networks, led by the need to manage risks. The supply network has become very complex globally and is optimized to the penny. Because of this, automakers and suppliers cannot afford to go after breakdowns in the supply chain. Providers must deliver performance and output in a transparent manner—they are now held accountable much more stringently than in the past, and are at risk when it comes to paying high penalties in case of nonperformance. CONCLUSION: In a highly competitive environment, an effective and efficient global supply chain is a must for automotive manufacturers and their suppliers. The industry landscape is exposed to a set of critical challenges and trends that are leading, if not accelerating, the need to fine-tune supply chain strategies and operations even further. The increasing requirement for real-time information and effective communication across the supply network is critical for managing and optimizing the supply chain on a flexible basis, while keeping costs under control. While most global car manufacturers and tier-1 suppliers are in the process of addressing these requirements, smaller tier-2 and tier-3 auto suppliers have a long way to go. information technology plays an increasingly important role, effectively turning IT from an â€Å"operational delivery† function into a â€Å"strategic, differentiating† asset. The underlying IT network plays a critical role by enabling the integration of various endpoints (for example, RFID sensors, bar-code readers, handhelds, and laptops), communication technologies (fixed-line, wireless), IT assets (servers, databases), and applications in a secure and scalable manner. For specialized supply chain management providers, these trends represent significant opportunities to grow their businesses and expand their value-added offerings. In regard to the â€Å"green† challenge, the focus on the environment might reshape this supply chain scenario even more radically. Rising energy costs, regulation concerns, and the demands of conscientious customers require automakers and their suppliers to reduce the carbon footprint of their entire operations—including supply networks. http://www. cisco. com/web/about/ac79/docs/wp/ctd/Auto_Trends_WP_FINAL. pdf Further optimization of procurement activities. Global procurement and supply activities were impacted by increases in raw-material prices. Additional challenges arose from the difficult financial situation of some suppliers and the tough competition in the automotive industry. Substantial increases in raw-material prices. In mid 2003, raw-material prices remained relatively stable but after that raw-material prices have risen significantly, especially for steel, oil, rubber and certain precious metals. Difficult financial situation for many suppliers. Many automotive suppliers experienced a deteriorating financial situation. The number of financially distressed suppliers increased significantly. Within the framework of our supplier risk management, the development of these companies’ financial situations and have implemented appropriate risk-management processes..